1- General cartography
which consists of all the sciences and techniques that are involved in printing and preparing maps, which is opposite to the word cartography
2- Special surveying mapping
which consists of a series of horizontal, vertical and angular length measurements and performing calculations on these measurements and drawing the results on the image screen, this concept is used against the word surveying
2- Mine surveying
It is related to mapping in tunnels, mines and underground facilities.
3- Plane surveying level mapping
When the field of mapping is on a limited surface of the earth in such a way that it can be flattened by ignoring the curvature of the earth, level mapping is used.
In such an area, the shortest distance between two points of the earth can be assumed to be a straight line, or the sum of the angles of a triangle whose vertex is the three points of the earth can be considered as 180 degrees.
The rules of plane geometry are applicable in this area
4- Geodetic surveying
It is used when the scope of the work is so wide that assuming the ground is flat will cause a large error in the result of the work.
5- Construction surveying
The meaning of this word is about the implementation of the axis of the buildings and related facilities as well as the control of construction operations
6- Hydrographic surveying of seas
In this branch, it examines the condition of the bottom of the seas and oceans and determines the depth of water in their different parts.
7- Cadastral surveying of real estate registration
The purpose is to determine the boundaries of urban lands and determine their area
8- Route surveying
It deals with different methods of planning and implementing railway routes, power transmission lines, water, gas and oil pipelines.
9 – Geodesy Geodesy
It is used to determine the shape and dimensions of the land and to check the relative status of a number of points that make up the outline of the map.
10- Cartography
Cartography is the work of drawing and choosing the cut of the map and preparing a copy from the (original) Minot version of the map.
11- Photogrammetry Photogrammetry
Aerial photos are taken by special cameras installed under the plane’s body in the form of consecutive strips from the ground.
This post is written by Adman2026