breathing pattern
Brady Penne:
Reducing the number of breaths to less than 12 breaths per minute. In cases such as increased intracranial pressure, brain damage, poisoning may be observed.
Taki Penne:
Increasing the number of breaths and reaching more than 20 breaths per minute. It is seen in conditions such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, metabolic acidosis, septicemia, etc.
Hyperpene:
It is a state in which both the depth of breathing and the number of breaths increase.
Kasmal breathing (in English:
Kussmaul breathing)
It is an unhealthy breathing pattern in which the patient takes deep and hard breaths. This type of breathing is often accompanied by severe metabolic acidosis.
Gasmal breathing is often seen in diabetic ketoacidosis and sometimes in kidney failure. In diabetic patients, cosmic breathing is performed as a compensatory mechanism to create respiratory alkalosis and compensate for metabolic acidosis.
Kasmal’s sign is a paradoxical increase in jugular vein pressure during breathing.
A decrease in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration usually increases venous return to the right side of the heart, which leads to a decrease in jugular vein pressure.
If there is a disturbance in the filling of the right ventricle, the jugular veins are filled instead.
Disorders caused by Casmal’s sign include right ventricular infarction, severe right ventricular failure, restrictive cardiomyopathy, compressive pericarditis, and tricuspid valve stenosis.
It was confirmed that the patient had compressive pericarditis due to radiation therapy of the mediastinum, which led to impaired heart filling and Kasmal’s sign. The patient was treated with diuretics (diuretic drugs), which led to the improvement of the symptoms of the disease and prevented more aggressive treatments.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration (in English: Cheyne–Stokes respiration)
It is an unhealthy breathing pattern in which the patient first progressively takes deeper and faster breaths, then gradually his breathing becomes slower and shallower until there is a breathing pause for a few seconds. In other words, the patient shows alternating periods of hyperpnea – hypopnea and cessation of breathing (apnea). These periods last about 30 seconds to 2 minutes, and the period of stopping breathing may last up to 30 seconds. This respiratory disorder is caused by diffuse laryngeal lesions and is especially seen in coma.
Apnostics:
A long and struggling inhale, followed by a very short and insufficient exhalation. It occurs in lesions of the respiratory center.
Ataxic breathing or Biots:
In this state, breathing is irregular both in terms of number and rhythm. It is seen in lesions of the lower part of the brain stem.
Breathing Gasping:
In this case, the breaths are equal in depth but irregular in number. This state is observed in brain bridge lesions.
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